literature review- should marijuana be legalised

Literature review The legalisation of marijuana has long been a debated subject, and not only in Australia But all around the world. People’s views in this area vary greatly, with many reasonable arguments for and against the issue. In this report, past studies and literature will be reviewed providing an understanding into the possible consequences of legalising marijuana as well as the views and debates regarded to the issue. The organisation, Gallup has been examining America’s attitude towards the legalisation of marijuana since the late 1960’s. Their studies show that in the past Americans have been opposed to the issue, with just twelve percent supporting the drug’s legalisation in 1969. However, in 1977 this number increased†¦show more content†¦Substituting these drugs with marijuana could be a successful approach to the battle against substance abuse. Amanda Reiman describes what she has found in her study about the substitution of other drugs with marijuana. â€Å"Substituting cannabis for alcohol has been described as a radical alcohol treatment protocol. This approach could be used to address heavy alcohol use in the British Isles – people might substitute cannabis, a potentially safer drug than alcohol with less negative side effects, if it were socially acceptable and available.†( Reiman, 2009) Similar studies in this area went on to suggest that legalising marijuana will decrease road accidents. By viewing statistics in areas where the drug has been allowed, researchers have found that there was nearly a nine percent reduction in traffic deaths (science daily, 2011). Marijuana has actually proved to have many medical uses, although sometimes they are completely overlooked. In the past, many studies have shown the drug to have several beneficial effects, these include, effective pain relief as well as providing aid to the side effects of chemotherapy and the symptoms of AIDS, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, glaucoma and other serious illnesses.(co-ed magazines, 2010) In 1997, the National

Difference Between Real And Fake Friendships - 1852 Words

Compare and Contrast Paper It takes time for me to consider someone to be my friend. I am a very friendly person and I like to meet new people but just because I talk to you doesn’t mean that we’re friends. I could very well like you and still won’t call you my friend. I wasn’t born this way but i’ve been in many crazy situations and it took some time for me to distinguish between real and fake friendships. I don’t call someone my friend until I feel like we have bond we can communicate, and I trust them. It all starts with having the same interests as someone. I probably wouldn’t be friends with someone who is into art museums and classical music. Or someone who is a homebody and doesn’t talk. A personality and attitude will show you if†¦show more content†¦This is when she found out that her boyfriend had feelings for another girl and no longer wanted to be with her.It took a toll on her whole life. Tameka is ambitiou s,full of personality, attitude,loves to dance and likes to kick it with her friends.She worried a lot but she had big plans for her future and family. This book showcases many different themes like love,loneliness and friendships. Tameka,the protagonist of Step Up by Monica Mckayhan and I are alike in many ways.We both share the same view of the world, are viewed by the world in similar ways and I would respond in a comparable way to the central conflict of the novel. Therefore, I believe given the chance, we could be friends. Everyone loves Tameka. She was a star on the dance team, got good grades and dated the star basketball player on the high school basketball team. She is also pretty.She is brown skinned, has long hair and she likes to be girly. One of her best features was her smile. On page 111, she sat on the front porch with her friend Sean, he gave her a compliment stating that the moon was almost as beautiful as her smile. She didn’t like her big belly and swollen ankles which made her a little insecure but she still had people around to remind her that she was pretty no matter what. â€Å"You look really cute.And you are glowing,† Asia said (pg.29). After she had theShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Importance of Friends Throughout Life565 Words   |  3 PagesThere are a few dictionary definitions including, â€Å"one attached to another by affection or esteem†, or, â€Å"one that is of the same nation, party, or group†, and even, â€Å"a person who you like and enj oy being with.† The definition of the word can change between whatever age group one might be in. Two toddlers can be â€Å"childhood friends† which is defined as a person that a toddler might share toys with or play games with, and possibly grow old with. As people age, the definition of â€Å"friend† might become aRead MoreSocial Networking And Social Media2079 Words   |  9 Pagesdefined as someone whom you may or may not know in real like who has sent a friend request to your social networking site. They can be our close friends who we have been contacting all the times or long lost friends from college. However, some people are just a â€Å"Facebook friend† who have added people just to increase their popularity (Shear social media 2010). According to SingleBlackMale[SBM](2014) as people grow older, then tend to realize that only real friends will stay in their lives while the â€Å"friends†Read MoreThe Winter Wind By William Shakespeare1226 Words   |  5 Pagesbiting as humanity. The poet discusses the harsh reality of man’s nature to be ungrateful and pierce the hearts of one another sharper than the lashes of a wintry wind. An observable theme prevalent throughout the writer’s words is how love and friendship are consumed by heartbreak and how it is folly to have expectations about loyalty considering the matters of the heart. The poem can be related to the common feeling of seemingly unjust bitterness in people due to a prevalence of insincerity andRead MoreThe Facade of Friendship in Edith Wharton’s Short Story, Roman Fever1595 Words   |  7 Pagescreating tension and resentment that damage their friendships. From an early age, girls feel unspoken rivalries that only escalate throughout their lives. Envying another girl’s new pair of shoes eventually turns into coveting her career or fiancà ©. Once the delicate balance between friendship and rivalry is disturbed, feelings of jealousy and hatred will emerge to destroy the relationship. Edith Wharton’s short story â€Å"Roman Fever† depicts the dynamic between two life-long friends as they reminisce aboutRead More`` Virtual Friendships And The New Narcissism ``962 Words   |  4 PagesAuthor, Senior editor of The New Atlantis, and fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center, Christine Rosen, in her article â€Å"Virtual Friendships and the New Narcissism,† analyzes if technology can provide what it promises- â€Å"a surer sense of who we are and where we belong.† Rosen’s purpose of her article is to argue that social networking sites are doing more harm than good. Rosen uses multiple studies and quotes to present her argument. In this article Rosen uses a plethora of examples and sourcesRead MoreThe Greatest Gift Of Life Is Friendship1382 Words   |  6 Pagesmany people try to figure out who I really am, when I didn’t even know who I was. There is one person who knows who I really am and that is my best friend, Danny. Friendship is a special love. As we all know finding a true friend is always hard. So when one is found, it is important to hang on tight. The greatest gift of life is friendship, and I have received it. I will be remembered for being confident, strong, and a girl that had all the answers. No one had fully ever understood me or my actionsRead MoreThe Gift Of Song By Patricia Mcconnel918 Words   |  4 Pagesof the songs and didn’t sing as loud as Angora, but she helped contribute to the duet in any way she could. Iva wasn’t feeling quite as bad as Angora, but she still felt the need to escape from her cold and dark prison cell. Singing forms a bond between the two wo men that helps them feel human in a place that can turn the strongest people into jailfaced zombies. While singing, Iva begins to understand that the act of singing isn’t what helps comfort Angora, but it’s the comfort found in the companionshipRead More`` Mean Girls, By Lindsay Lohan Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesAfrica, with her parents as Zoologists. She was homeschooled for all of her school years, and this would be the first attempt at public school. Cady like most adolescents, finds herself in a rock and a hard place when she is caught between real friendship and the fake ego plastic one. From the view of a Developmental Psychologist, there are several key factors and theories strongly influencing Cady and her behaviors during this time in her life. Moral emotions, moral reasoning, forging a senseRead MoreModern Family Analysis Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pagesperceive others, even family members. In the episodes that we have chosen there are ten main characters. Main Character Profiles Gloria Gloria is Jay’s wife and Manny’s mother. She is seen as a very loving wife and mother despite the age difference between her and Jay. Others tend to view her as a gold digger considering that Jay is her main source of income. Manny Manny is Gloria’s 13 year old son from her first marriage. He is very outgoing and not the least bit self-conscious. He is alsoRead MoreEssay about Horatio and Laertes as Foils in Hamlet1119 Words   |  5 Pagesmeet Horatio, a friend of Hamlets and a fellow student.nbsp; When reading [ref] the conversations between Hamlet and Horatio, it becomes clear how Hamlet feels about his fathers murder and his plans to avenge this murder.nbsp; We also meet Laertes, son of Polonius and sister to Ophelia.nbsp; Through interactions with Laertes we see another side to Hamlet. The similarities and the differences between them both help to show off more of Hamlets personality and feelings about the revenge. Through both

Warrior by Paradise Fears free essay sample

When I first listened to Paradise Fears, I never would have thought that six guys whom I have never met in my entire life would change my life the way it has. Their music has become my inspiration; my Sanctuary. Paradise Fears; Sam Miller, Cole Andre, Jordan Merrigan, Michael Walker, Lucas Zimmerman, and Marcus Sand have all changed my life for the better. These boys are more than a regular boy band who takes their fans for granted, but they actually appreciate each and every one of their fans, and they make sure we know that. When I finally got to meet these guys in August of 2012 when they came to Canada with Forever the sickest kids; I was amazed and blessed with their presence. Literally. Although Marcus, the bass guitar player couldn’t make it to Canada, the rest of the boys absolutely amazed me with their acoustic set as well as their little meet and greet session. We will write a custom essay sample on Warrior by Paradise Fears or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And what I absolutely loved the most about this was that their meet and greets are more than just a â€Å"Can I take a picture with you,† but more of a â€Å"Hi, Thank you so much for being our fan. Your support means the world to us. Would you like a picture?† and I remember Sam thanking my cousin and I over and over again, simply for being his fans. More importantly, all their songs tell a story. The second sam miller opens his mouth, and when the rest of the band starts playing and adding onto his words, the whole world just disappears for those 3 minutes. So I let you in But Im so scared of what youll see Just skin and bones Hiding this monster inside of me And I dont need much I just need a little room to breathe And I need you But Im not so sure you need me And I felt empty Whats left of me? Theres a soul Theres a pulse Theres a warrior Theres a hole where my heart used to be Now Im filling it up with all the things I always said Id be I always said Id be Just take a second to read those words. Now go on YouTube and search up Warrior – Paradise Fears. Actually pay attention to Sam’s words. Now try and tell me that’s not how every teenage feels on the inside. Regardless of how perfect or ruined their family/social life is. I’ll leave you off with this, â€Å"There’s a Soul, There’s a Pulse, There’s a Warrior.† Be that warrior.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) on Commercial Market

Abstract An unmanned aerial vehicle is a powered machine which operates without the intervention of a human being. Aerodynamic forces are used to provide the thrust to lift the vehicle. It can also fly autonomously or under the remote control of a pilot. The features of the unmanned aerial vehicle are expandability and recoverability. The UAVs are also able to carry lethal and non-lethal payloads.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) on Commercial Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The challenges preventing the UAV from launching in the commercial market are many which include inappropriate air regulations that govern all the unmanned aerial vehicles, affordability in terms of price and customization, liability for the civil operation, capacity involving the adaptability of payloads, unreliable frequencies of non-military nature of civil operations, technology developments, training issues of operators and customer perception (Finocchio, Prasad Ruggieri, 2008, p. 67). This research seeks to analyze the aspect of affordability which consists of price and customization. It will also examine the aspect of training issues of operators and customer perception. Two Challenges Preventing UAV from Entering the Commercial Market and Their Problems The first challenge is the affordability of the unmanned aerial vehicles. In analyzing the challenge of affordability, the first factor to consider is the flight cost per hour. Many agencies opt not to drop their pilot operations because the flight cost per hour of the UAVs is too high. Secondly, there is the aspect of non-recurring costs. The process of integrating the payload onto the aircraft is usually very costly (Angelov, 2012, p. 58). In some instances, the nature of the payload requires modifications of the aircraft to be done. This turns out to be very expensive and in some instances not feasible. The vehicle transp ort is also another non-recurring expenses. The UAVs have to be transported to their target market and the process of flying the UAVs or ground shipment is very costly when using any method. The cost of catering for the support personnel’s travel expenses also forms a non-recurring cost. Technicians are required for the purposes of UAV set up, maintenance, ground operation and dealing with the payloads. In addition, there is the aspect of aircraft acquisition, obtaining an aircraft for their mission, which is unrealistic to some individuals. In cases where an organization is a UAV operator or owner, the price of maintaining a coast guard patrol might be very high.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Recurring expenses refer to the costs that are proportional to the number of hours the UAV is in operation. The first recurring cost is the direct cost when the UAV is being flown. During this process, the price of fuel and oil proves to be very demanding. More so, the cost of routine maintenance involved and is proportional to the number of hours. The second recurring cost is insurance. The amount of risk assumed determines the cost of premiums that will be computed. In the case of UAVs, the amount of risk is very massive, and this makes the cost of premiums unfavorable. Communication support services are also another recurring cost. The cost of communication is determined by the bandwidth that the transmission requires. It is imperative to include the cost of communication for each hour the UAV is being flown. Finally, data analysis forms the last recurring cost, which is also proportional to the time which the UAV is being flown. The reducing cost is also another aspect of cost (Baik, 2005, p.97). The costs of development, acquisition and operation are high in the civil market. The procurement costs for the UAVs are high and, considering the commerci al market the costs, will be very massive. Also, the cost of recruiting the required personnel to set up and operate the UAVs is massive. Another reducing cost is loss of the payloads, the payloads cost millions of shillings, and it would be a very severe loss if the payloads are lost. The system reliability is also another cost, component failures occur, and this might be very hard to cope with especially in the commercial market. The second challenge this research analyzes is the training on issues of operators and customer perception. The skills required to handle the UAVs are very complex and advanced. It is not possible for every individual in the commercial market to be able to have these skills (Glackin Peltzer, 2009, p. 34). The maintenance and replacement of components in the UAV are very hi-tech and cannot be done in the commercial market. The training process of operators is expensive and next to impossible to train UAV operators outside the military since the expertise required to be a UAV operator is unique.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) on Commercial Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The time it would take to train the personnel would be so long. In addition, the places available to conduct the training are limited, and in most instances, they are unavailable. Nevertheless, in considering the aspect of customer perception, it is viewed that the UAVs are applicable in the military since the commercial market application of UAVs might not be a viable option (Singer, 2012, p. 88). The commercial market will not be able to purchase the UAVs since it will be impossible to have the machinery required for the operations and maintenance of the UAVs. More so, if UAVs are launched in the commercial market, there is a risk that radicalized groups and terrorists may obtain the UAVs by hiding behind specific organizations. This may enable them to ac quire the UAVs for the wrong motives and intentions. In case the terrorists acquire the UAVs, the effects would be catastrophic. The Steps Being Taken to Address the Challenges Curbing the cost of payload integration is a process, and the steps involved are developing, documentation and implementing standards that are concerned with payload interfaces and which support plug and play. In order to address the cost of support personnel, the operating costs during travel have been decreased. Steps have also been taken to ensure that the price of accomplishing missions is affordable (Angelov, 2012, p. 70). However, to curb direct cost, appropriate steps have been taken to increase onboard intelligence so as to reduce the cost of ground support. In addressing the cost of insurance, safety and reliability standards of the UAVs have been increased, and to reduce the cost of communication, the UAV operations bandwidths have been limited so as to make communication cheap, and curb the reducin g costs removal of technical and regulatory barriers of the UAV have been implemented (Carafano Gudgel, 2007, p. 25).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, technologies have been developed, these technologies include use of global positioning systems (GPS) and earth observing systems (EOS). Solutions to the Challenges In order to address the challenges facing the launching of UAVs in the commercial market, the spending related to the training of personnel, insurance policies, communication and vehicle support should be reduced as much as possible. In addition the aspect of training operators should be improved. More institutions should be put in place to train individuals on the use UAVs (Rosheim, 2010, p. 50). The commercializing of the UAVs should also be conducted with a lot of caution so as to ensure that radicalized groups and terrorists do not acquire the UAVs. National security should be ascertained at all times. Impact to the Aviation Industry Once the Problem is Solved The aviation industry will be able to serve more people as multiple flights will be conducted at once. UAVs will enable longer flight hours and hig her efficiency. On the other hand, retrenchments might occur;, due to the use UAVs, pilots might end up losing their jobs because the aircrafts will be uninhabited (Ouellette, 2006, p. 46). The aviation industry will be more dynamic in nature, and the use of technology will also be very extensive. In addition, there will be a very sophisticated contingency management. This means that there will be a reaction to unforeseen events and any failures that may occur. The failures that will be addressed include occurrence of casualties during flights, external property damage, aircraft destructions and loss of payloads (ebrary Incorporation, 2008, p. 23). Another impact will be collision avoidance, in order to fly with minimal restrictions in the airspace of various territories UAVs will need to implement an effective and efficient collision avoidance system. This will ascertain the safety of the passengers or cargo being conveyed by the use of UAVs. The impacts of the unmanned aerial vehi cles will be massive and may improve the aviation industry in the whole world if adopted (Russel, 2010, p. 37). References Angelov, P. (2012). Sense and Avoid in UAS: Research and Applications. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Baik, D. (2005). Systems modeling and simulation: Theory and Applications. Berlin: Springer. Carafano, J., Gudgel, A. (2007). The Pentagon’s robots: Arming the future. New York, NY: Backgrounder ebrary Incorporation. (2008). Seventh Annual Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press. Finocchio, P., Prasad, R., Ruggieri, M. (2008). Aerospace technologies and  applications for dual use: A new world of defense and commercial in 21st century security. Aalborg, Denmark: River Publishers. Glackin, L., Peltzer, G. (2009). Civil, commercial, and international remote  sensing systems and geoprocessing. El Segundo, Calif: Aerospace Press. Ouellette, Robert (2006). Automation Impacts on Industry, Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science Publishers. Rosheim, Mark. (2011). Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics. New York, NY: Wiley-IEEE. Russel, Andrew. (2010). Robot Tactile Sensing. New York, NY: Prentice Hall Singer, P. (2012). Wired for war: The robotics revolution and conflict in the 21st century. New York, NY: Penguin Group. This report on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) on Commercial Market was written and submitted by user Carl Nielsen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Threw and Through

Threw and Through Threw and Through Threw and Through By Maeve Maddox When I read the expression â€Å"through me for a loop† in a recent comment, I can tell you, it threw me for a loop! I decided to cruise the web and see if this version of the expression had become common. It has. Admittedly most of the usage I found occurs in comments to articles, in forums, and on the sites of non-professional writers, but it’s out there: when myspace page came up, it through me for a loop. This question through me for a loop with its emphasis on reflective transfer. something happened yesterday that really through me for a loop. I must admit the appearance of wood through me for a loop. The menu through me for a loop. Since such things are catching, I’ll review the difference between threw and through. The word threw is the simple past of the verb to throw, to propel through the air: throw threw (have) thrown The word through is a preposition used to indicate penetration or passage: The bullet traveled through the vest. The hikers crawled through the low tunnel. To throw someone for a loop is to confuse or shock a person. To knock someone for a loop has the same meaning: The news of her advisor’s death knocked her for a loop. The words threw and through are pronounced alike, but, so far anyway, they have different spellings in standard English. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and ToesHow to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and TricksHow Do You Fare?

The neutralisation of Acids by Antacids Essay Example

The neutralisation of Acids by Antacids Essay Example The neutralisation of Acids by Antacids Paper The neutralisation of Acids by Antacids Paper An Investigation to See What Effects the Neutralisation of Acids by Antacids In this experiment I will be looking at what affects the rate of reaction in a chemical reaction between Hydrochloric acid and commercial antacids. I will be looking at one of the Rates of reaction, surface area, to see if a smaller surface area does speed up a reaction. The reason that I became interested in this experiment is that I have been suffering from terrible indigestion of late and was wondering what would affect the efficiency of the tablets. Indigestion is a common condition caused by excess (or too strong) acid in the stomach, using antacids, usually a salt containing either an earth or alkali metal, always a base, neutralises the acid in the stomach relieving pain. In chemical reactions atoms are rearranged. This rearrangement (and the reaction) is caused by the collision of atoms. In gases and liquids, contact with solids and with each other millions of collisions occur very second. If all these were successful and caused a reaction then every reaction would be over in a millionth of a second. Because reactions arent over in such a quick speed one can presume that not all collisions are successful. To be successful a collision has to occur with enough energy and directly. A good analogy for this is bumper cars at a fair ground. A glancing hit does little but a head on collision hurts! Several things govern the rate of a reaction. I predict that as the surface area of one of the reactants (the tablet) increases so will the rates of reaction. This is because of the reasons discussed above. I set up the apparatus as below and used the equipment safely. 1. I broke the tablet into smaller sizes as per the experiment demanded 2. In this experiment I will be using 0. 25-M hydrochloric acid because antacid tablets are designed to work in our stomach, in which is hydrochloric acid. I was provided with 2M hydrochloric acid and so diluted 2. 5mls of acid in 17. 5mls of water. I found that 0. 25M acid works best through some preliminary work. 3. a) When using the two smaller sizes I added 15mls of the water to the powder so I didnt loose any reactants. b) When using larger surface area I just broke the tablets into their respective sizes. 4. I added the hydrochloric acid solution into the side arm tube and measured (in mls) how much was released by seeing how much water was displaced from the measuring tube. My results were as followed: My results contain one anomalous result. This occurs in the fifth minute of the 1/4 tablet experiment. It was more likely to have occurred by human error than contamination because the control was negative and it occurs half way through the test, not from the start. This graph shows the reaction between 0. 25m hydrochloric acid and Rennie antacid tablets. As you can see the reaction starts at a steady speed and slows down as the reaction progresses. This is because the reactants are used early on and the amount of reactant available toward the end of the reaction is small. At the top end of the graph the speed of reaction between a 1/4 and a 1/6 is small considering the huge increase in surface area. This is because the increase in surface are no longer affects the rate of reaction; the rule no longer applies. This is common with scientific laws, such as Hookes law. Conclusion Antacid tablets are designed to neutralise stomach pH to stop heartburn and indigestion. In my opinion my experiment went quite well. From my experiment one can see that the smaller surface area of a reactant the slower the reaction. This proves my prediction and the rates of reaction correct. The 1/6 tablet reacted far quicker than the whole one. There is little difference between the smallest two sizes of tablet, this is because the law starts not to apply. The pattern is that as the surface area increases so does the rate of reaction, up to a certain point. An anomalous result occurred in the 5th minute of the 1/4 tablet, but it think it was due to human error, as opposed to contamination. I believe that contamination would have affected the whole test, and it would have stood out form the other results, having either a faster or slower reaction rate than the others. The best place to test the tablet would be in the stomach, as this is where the tablets are designed to work, it would be interesting to see if the enzymes in the stomach aid or slow down the reaction, although I think it would make little difference as the enzyme present in the stomach, protease, is designed to break down protein into amino acids, thus would do little to catalyse the neutralisation of stomach acid. To obtain results closer to those which would occur in the stomach, the experiment would have to take place at 32i c. I would expect the reaction to occur at a faster rate, because the particles would be moving faster (this point is explained in further detail earlier in this report). The best way to obtain results similar to those that would occur in the stomach would be a computer simulation, this way I could set the testing environment how I wanted without having to obtain a stomach.

Physical activity and health and physical fitness and exercise Assignment

Physical activity and health and physical fitness and exercise - Assignment Example Research also shows, through obesity experts, that the modern phase of obesity epidemic is much associated with the reduced human activity brought about by the industrial development (Garry, Neeltje, & Klaas, 2001). To qualify the relevance of this theory, a research that was done in an Old Order Amish Community in North America proved that these people have a very high level of activity lifestyle, which was used to explain why they have low prevalence of obesity. This group of people does not drive automobiles, use electrical appliances, and they do not also employ other modern conveniences (David, Patrick, & Getrude, 2004). Regular exercise is a very important component of effective health promotion regimens, the only problem being the correct amount of exercise required daily as well as the correct daily caloric expenditure. There is an imbalance in lifestyle due to the technologically oriented conditions which allow unprecedentedly sedentary lifestyle (Boyd & Stanley, 2003). Ther efore, physical activity is very critical for a healthy living and through physical fitness and exercise, we can do away with lots and lots of unnecessary

Human Mental States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Mental States - Essay Example At this point, I would support the position taken by Doctor 2 about the impossibility of determining whether a person has some mental states. This matter cannot be determined with absolute certainty. However, I still hold onto the view that determining mental states remains a complex issue and could only be subject to matters of observation. The patient has shown some remarkable strength of character including good memory. She also behaves in a manner that is perfectly logical and determinate. It is important to consider some of the factors that determine the existence of a soul outside the condition of an organic brain. This brings into perspective the question of the soul and body. I hold the view that the mind and body are not entirely connected. The mind is independent of the body. The soul relates to the body through some kind of a complex relationship that may not necessarily relate to the organic brain. On this note, it becomes necessary to inquire into the relationship between the immaterial soul and the body. Such an inquiry could also involve a study of the relationship between the mind and the body. A non-material soul could exist even in the absence of the non-organic brain. This is because there is no absolute evidence that links the non-material essences of existence to the material. The relationship could be more complex than the presumed correspondence between the mind and the body. On this matter, it becomes necessary to investigate the precise relationship between the mind and the body from the dimension of their points of contact.

Prayer in School Essay Example for Free

Prayer in School Essay John Knox Press, 1996. 45-218. In this book the author gives an epic description of the controversy surrounding the debate on prayer in public schools. It touches on the legal aspects as well as the interpretation of among other articles the first amendment. Alley uses history and preceding events to bring out his argument against prayer in public schools terming the practice as an abuse and harassment of the minority by the majority who are keen on imposing their own definition of faith. He asserts that the law on first amendment religion issues has adequately and consistently clarified the differences that exist between church and state. He cited some cases such as Barnette, McCollum, Everson, Engel and Schempp to mention but a few as having set precedence thus preventing future conflict. However, one reads anti Christianity overtones which bring up the question of objectivity due to his obvious bias. He has successfully presented one side of the debate with a personal tone. The book strongly opines that any form of religious inclinations in public schools is incompatible with the constitution as well as with the principle of democracy. Murray, J. William. Let us pray: A plea for prayer in our school. New York: William Morrow Co, 1995. 11-97. In the first pages of his interesting book, Murray tells of his atheist past that was directed by his mother Madalyn Murray and how he, as a 14 year old was a plaintiff against the Baltimore School system. The suit led to the Supreme Courts decision that outlawed public school prayer and bible reading. Murray later converts to Christianity and embarks on a mission aimed at undoing the ‘damage’ done by his past. He becomes a strong proponent of prayer in Schools arguing that this is the one way of rooting out the moral decay in the society. Among other arguments, he presents the debate as conflicting discomforts. ‘The discomfort of minority faiths or nonbelievers at hearing prayer in school versus the discomfort of Protestant Christians at being prohibited from public prayer’. He allows that the drafters of the constitution are misinterpreted by those who claim that they intended to eradicate prayer from public institutions. Rather, he cites influential figures such as John Locke and Tocqueville as strong believers in the value of prayer in providing positive guidance to the society. His recommendations are however weak since the freedom he seeks could be confused with what is provided for in the constitution. Again the founding fathers he cites are understood to have given us the current laws and so his enlisting them undermines his very argument. Cookson, Catharine. Regulating Religion: The Courts and the Free Exercise Clause. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. 54, 67-75. In this book, Catherine Cookson delves into the issues of the law and the authority of state as laid down in the constitution on one hand and the obligations of conscience on the other. She embarks on a project to provide the solution for a recurrent problem. She examines the history of the Christian tradition as well as more contemporary political development of religious freedom (186). Her argument on the free exercise clause is vivid and thought provoking as she seeks the balance between the majority’s right to religious expression and public prayer and the minority’s discomfort arising from that kind of expression. U. S Department of Education. Guidance on Constitutionally Protected Prayer in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools. Available on-line at: http://www. ed. gov/policy/gen/guid/religionandschools/prayer_guidance. html Accessed on 12. 04. 07. This article deals with the legal aspect of the debate on prayer in schools. The article endeavors to provide information on the current state of the law concerning constitutionally protected prayer in the public schools, and therefore spell out the extent to which prayer in public schools is lawfully protected. The Case against School Prayer. Available online at: http://209. 85. 135. 104/search? q=cache:RTckL_PUwSEJ:ffrf. org/nontracts/schoolprayer. php+prayers+in+schoolhl=enct=clnkcd=1gl=ke. Accessed on 12. 04. 07. In this article the author delves into the arguments against school prayer. The author advances the argument that prayers are private and yet there is nothing private about a public school. Therefore the two are incompatible and should not mix. He/She asserts that public schools cater for students with varying backgrounds and religious inclinations and they should not be subjected to rules that promote one form of religious expression. According to the author of the article, Public prayer leads to discrimination of the minority and a denial of their right to worship. The article refutes the claim that prayer in school has any value in checking societal excesses. The conclusion calls for total separation of church and state arguing that this is one way of preventing divisiveness in the society. Works Cited Campbell, Ted A. Christian Confessions: A Historical Introduction. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996. Questia. 12 Apr. 2007 http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=87116157. Cookson, Catharine. Regulating Religion: The Courts and the Free Exercise Clause. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Questia. 12 Apr. 2007 http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=104449729. Murray, J. William. Let us pray: A plea for prayer in our school. New York: William Morrow Co, 1995. U. S Department of Education. Guidance on Constitutionally Protected Prayer in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools. Available on-line at: http://www.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/religionandschools/prayer_guidance.html Accessed on 12.04.07

Tetanus :: essays research papers

Tetanus is a potentially life-threatening disease, usually associated with infected puncture wounds. Its common name is lockjaw, because a typical first symptom of the disease is stiffness and tightening of the jaw muscles. Tetanus has been recognized for centuries, even as early as the 5th – 4th century B.C., in the picturesque descriptions Hippocrates gave of the disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This infectious disease is caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani, which is sometimes found in soil. It produces a toxin as it multiplies, that affects the nervous system. Some symptoms of tetanus are muscular spasms, and rigidity of the body, there might also be chills, headache, fever, and difficulty swallowing. If gone unchecked this toxin causes death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When diagnosed a physician will sterilize the wound. If the Tetanus is already severe the patient will become hypersensitive and must be kept in a quite dark room. At this stage the doctors can only treat the symptoms, with muscle relaxants, antibiotics, and sedatives. The most important treatment for Tetanus is prevention, through a vaccine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 19th century Tetanus was the concern of Joseph Lister in patients who had the disease in the hospital. A. Carle, G. Rattone, A. Nicolaire, and others recognized the Infectious nature of Tetanus in 1884 – 1888. The isolation of the bacteria and its toxin happened in 1889-1892 by S. Kitasato, T Weyl, and A. Nicolaire. S. Kitasato, L. Villiard, E. von Behring, and W. Schutz did animal experiments on both active and passive immunization in 1890 – 1892. Crystallization of the neurotoxin happened in 1949, because of L.

A Case Study of Domino’s Pizza’s Crisis Communication Strategies Essay

If a company experiences a huge crisis, there is no shortcut: the companies will definitely suffer and without elaborate strategies, and the company might never be the same again. The point of debate holds that instead of responding to a crisis as a defeat, the company should recognize the fact that it is another opportunity window and find the best approach out of the crisis, essentially, with its brand image and reputation intact. In reference to Weiss (2009), possessing knowledge of communicating with the company stakeholders could produce major significance for a corporation during crisis irrespective of the severity of the situation. The organizations managing crisis may disregard the power of social media culture that is always very influential. Social media can be addressed both outside and within the organization. Bell, (2010) refers to media culture as crossing boundaries. Therefore, the plans for crisis communication should account for the variables of social media culture. The inclined era of globalization, the world is becoming more connected, and organizations venture into new environments. The hotly contested topic of communication crisis is naturally cross-social media culture and requires attention as part of organizational growth and development.Social media are currently bridging a major headache to the corporate world since it has proved the ability of showing and spreading news. In the previous years, the elite journalist could assist in breaking bad news. However, currently anyone can break bad news and spread it in the social media. From the corporate point of view, the decisions of generating bad news form the company instantly signifies crisis that leads to the negative impact on brand, sales, and word of advertisements. Globalization has resulted into the era of social media. Previously, companies would respond to bad news by releasing public apologies or position statements using the traditional media within a period of few days. This is no longer the case today. The public is constantly scrutinizing the corporate world and expects the company to release prompt apology within the shortest time possible directly using the social media. This has led to a great interest from the companies to establish the manner in which bad news speedily spreads in the social media. Their major concerns are establishing the feeling of the public and propaganda that influences the public sentiments. The efforts of public relations convey the values, perspectives and norms of organizations that function together to unify the organization (Bell, 2010). A crisis can occur anytime anywhere. It may incorporate complications within any number of cultures or involve conflicts within a single culture. Bell further indicates that perceptions can get swayed with sound organization insight and adequate planning. The organization should adopt a plan that addresses current and future issues, however, in some circumstances, such plans can prove to be an invaluable tool in times of crisis in the organization. The global practitioners of public relations must offer their collaboration strategies with stakeholders to assist in pooling ideas, resources, and strategies together that gets dispersed in dissimilar ways worldwide. This proposal case study investigates the strategies on one of the first companies to experience a global serious brand reputation due to spread of bad new in the social med ia. Particularly, this research proposal investigates Domino’s Pizza’s crisis management strategies. The proposal analyzes previous studies as a source of secondary data to that would offer a comparison with this study. Background of the Study/ Domino’s Pizza’s Communication Strategy                  As of 1997, Domino’s Pizza was the largest company delivering pizza in the world. Besides, it was the world’s second-largest pizza chain. The company had 4, 431 delivery stores for pizza in the United States. Additionally, the company had more than 1, 521 units in 59 foreign investments by the end of 1997(Peeples & Vaughn, 2010). The sales of the company were worth $3.16 billion providing it with the place as 200th largest private company on the Forbes private list of 500 companies. The company sells multiple products including pan, deep-dish and thin crust pizzas. Despite the excellent international recognition and robust wealth, the company experienced a crisis that made it a historic area of studies within the public relations and communication Domino’s. The crisis of Domino’s pizza began when two company employees produced and uploaded a vulgar video in YouTube in 2009. The video shown the two employees engaging in a number of health law violations, particularly, blowing mucous on sandwich, putting cheese on the nose, and putting a sponge that is meant to wash dishes between the buttocks. Within limited time, the video popularized and gained viral publicity with more than half a million views and the major news media covering the event (Peeples & Vaughn, 2010). It followed that the public joined the discourse and started discussing the video via social media.Weiss, (2009) reports that most of the video discussions took place on Twitter, and investigative research accounts that nearly 15, 000 subscribers of Twitter provided their opinion on the event. The company responded by sharing an apology on Twitter by sharing the chief executive officer apology on YouTube. The response from Dominos was too late, approximately 48 hours after the event, according to (Aula, 2011). The video got posted on a Monday night, and the company responded on Wednesday. Despite the quick efforts from the internal teamwork to form a strategy on Tuesday, the initial intentions of the company were trying not to, because it wanted to restrict further public knowledge on the video. The company failed to issue formal press release to the mainstream press and went against the idea of hiring the external crisis management experts to solve the crisis creatively. However, investigations show that it opened a twitter account to tackle the inquiries from the consumers. Thereafter, the company reached a decision to issue a YouTube apology to quell the already intensified public relations nightmare that was played in t multiple media mainstreams. The crisis caused dire consequences for the company. A study however reveals that crisis communication researchers have not validated such case studies using a systematic analysis on public sentiments on social media (HCD Research, 2009). Literature Review/ Previous Research                  This section presents the research done on the effects of crisis management case studies. The section provides an empirical review of both academic and scholarly data obtained from previous studies. The scholarly work presented in this chapter will provide the basis for analysis that will ultimately assist in answering the research question. The main literature reviews the previous works on strategies of crisis management case study, particularly the case of Domino’s Pizza crisis management. The review adopts a communication and mass media approach to providing analysis of effectiveness public relations in the same context. The literature analysis uses theory us and sub-theories to increase the understanding of the social media industry the proposal will investigate and provide and comprehend a holistic picture of the phenomena.Schiller, (2007) reports on the research on communication crisis literature base on the mechanisms that should be employed by the organizations to manage the crisis and based on the four requirements adopted through research validations. According to the study, the four requirements of crisis response management highlights that the company should be quick to respond in the shortest time possible, be accurate and provide an empirical analysis of the facts with absolute care. Additionally, response to a communication crisis requires companies to avoid saying no comments and be consistent and avoid statement contradictions to the company stakeholders. As outlined by Coombs (2008), the content research put emphasis on more resolves and strategy around the crisis messages that should be communicated to the shareholders. Research on crisis communication has previously focused on managing the reactions of the stakeholders to a crisis. The scholars have put more concentration on the actions and words used to respond to a crisis. Particularly, the researchers have broken the strategies into three categories. Th ese are instructing information, reputation repair and adjusting information.Coombs, (2008) asserts that instructing information provides informational power to the shareholders the degree of physical preparation in the event a crisis emerges. Particularly, this means the application of warning signals that is usually coupled with instructions. Adjusting the information significantly helps the industry stakeholders to develop a coping psychological strategy with the crisis. The repair of reputation entails all the measures put by the organization to repair or protect the perception of the stakeholders towards the organization. The recent strategy by Dominos Pizza to market itself with sole intentions of improving is empirical for this proposal in terms of repair of reputation. According to Schiller (2007), the organization admitted that they had manufactured an inferior product but offered assurance on quality improvement. This is an attempt by the organization to repair the reputat ion. Researchers agree that the core factors intertwined in an organizational crisis including urgency, unpredictability, significant threats. The researchers further assert that the public is often unwilling to engage in social media discussions when an event is unexpected or important. The immediate principle of communication crisis management is to tell the truth. The company should face the public and provide the real issue behind the crisis. In the situations of crisis, social constructions and multiple truths of events simultaneously seek public attention. The company, customers and the employees and the media are the key stakeholders for crisis management. Claeys and Cauberghe, (2012) references that the case of Domino Pizza in particular had watchdog organizations such as Consumerist.com and GoodAsYou.org that were constructing the event versions. As established the research article, the truth that Tim McIntyre, the company communication vice president intended to convey was that the event was stage managed and it was a rogue act of two employees who though they were creating fun and that they did not present the brand of Domino Pizza. Likewise, they outlined that the two employees were not the representative of the 10, 000 individuals that tirelessly work fo r the company across the globe (Aula, 2011). Furthermore, the study reveals that the truth that Patrick Doyle had intentions of articulating was that the company did not do the act and that they were sorry for the rogue event. Therefore, the company moved forward to restore their reputation as an attempt to respond to the crisis. A research that studied the case of Domino Pizza identified two types of tweets contents. Likewise, Young and Flowers (2012) write that they were fact and opinions. The tweets on facts had no sentiments, however, just stated the event. The category incorporated more links without any text, simple link introductions or links with the same headline of the website linked. On the other hand, the opinion category had tweets that were either positive or negative sentiments. But, based on the incident the nature, most of the tweets were negative. Therefore, the company adopted an apology strategy to solve the crisis. Discussions from the research outline that the officials’ corporate apology dropped the level of negative sentiments from 82.8 percent to 54.6 percent. Still, the level of positive sentiments increased mysteriously from 06 percent to 5.5 percent. Claeys and Cauberghe, (2012) reinforces that crisis communication management practice in situations where companies provides p ublic apology, they do not develop high or sudden increase of praise. Rather, they expect the negative sentiments from the public to become more rational because of the apology and calm down sequentially. The analysis of Domino Pizza confirms the expectations. Peeples and Vaughn, (2010) adds that the number of factual tweets significantly inclined from 16.7 percent to 39.9 percent. Therefore, the case of Domino Pizza public apology calmed and reduced the amount of negative opinions and increased positive and facts in the Twitter conversations. A study by Coombs, (2008) concludes that the best and the only approach to reduce the social media impact on the crisis are to integrate the social media into the crisis communication strategies and provide a dialogue monitoring on the social media. Claeys et.al (2012) harmonizes the fact that the brads that have the best public perception will be the one that will apply the online tools as their potential customers. Likewise, Young and Flowers (2012) evaluated and concluded that the effective leverage of the social media by Dominos was identical to the style used by the pranksters. That is, to transparently communicate the efforts of the company to solve the crisis. Finally, the company emerged from the viral media criticizes and still knowledgeable on the real face of crisis communication strategies in the practical age of social media. Peeples et.al (2010) asserts that the incident of Domino Pizza was a practical implication for crisis managers in the globalized business world. He puts that once a company experiences a crisis of bad news to the social media; they should respond with a quick reaction, apology and admit the mistakes appropriately. A study by Coombs, (2008) confirmed the positive effects of corporate apologies to the public in social media, YouTube and Twitter both in Korea and the U.S. secondly, the companies should engage in conversations with the social media during the official times and not just after a crisis hits the company. Lastly, based on the speed at which social media news spread, the company should be ready to respond within hours after the event, rather than within days. Research Questions                  By conducting an empirical analysis to the sentiments of the public in social media based on the crisis of Domino Pizza, the study will attempt to answer the following questions:1. How does the structure of the network determine the effectiveness of communication crisis solution strategy? 2. How can the company strategize to reduce the negative sentiments and increase positive sentiments of social media? 3. What are the temporal and spatial characteristics of diffusion influences strategic solutions of communication crisis in the corporate bad news? Methodology                  This chapter provides a description of scope and methodology of this proposal. This chapter examines the scope of the research proposal and builds understanding of the research source of primary data and why the data will be adopted for the study. Likewise, the chapter will provide information of the sample data and method of collecting the data for the research study. The proposal methodology provides empirical explanations on how and why the study will employ a quantitative survey to answer the research questions. Furthermore, the methodology explanations provide a systemic approach to analysis of findings, conclusion and the implication sections that will be presented in the final stage of the research. The scope of the study focuses on strategies for managing communication crisis with reference to the strategies employed by Domino Pizza. The goal will be based on the strategies that were used by the company to solve the communication crisis on the bas is of social media.The research will conduct a sample survey of various primary sources of information fro the analysis. First, the research will use online survey on the company website and corporate reports to establish the primary data. It is essential to note that online survey of data collection will be instrumental for the research provided the time and financial constraints attached to the study/. This proposal provides that the company website will provide primary data that would be reputable and enhance empirical analysis. Corporate reports on the strategies used by the company to manage the crisis will also provide primary information that will be significant for cross analysis. To establish the validity of the data collected, this section will provide data for cross comparison with the previous research that has been conducted in the same topic.Furthermore, this proposal will use live interviews from the professionals and officials from the company to provide primary data for analysis. Corbin and Strauss, (1998) explains that live interviews and phone interviews are a technology facilitated method of collecting data for analysis. It is based on the premise that recorded live interviews from the company officials, and professionals such as crisis managers that reacted to the incident through an interview in the social media cannot be distorted. This is a cheap method of collecting primary data using the technological advantages. The professional and company official interview records are present and easily accessible within the website of the company and other websites of the social media archives. Close examination of the URLs that the public used to post their comments and the company used to engage the customers will also be audited. The approach of auditing the URLs used by the company and its stakeholders will provide the direct reaction from the company that will primarily constitute the raw data for the analysis. Auditing to the URL postings w ill also provide statistical information of the percentages of the tweets, both positive and negative that came from the public. Likewise, statistical information will be computed based on the finding of the nature of public reaction after the response from the company and before the response from company officials. This will show the effectiveness or the ineffectiveness of the approach the company developed to restore their reputation and brand (Corbin and Strauss, 1998). Finally, the primary data that will be collected will provide evidential information on the strategies employed by Domino Pizza in curbing the communication crisis. References Aula, P. (2011). Meshworked reputation: Publicists’ views on the reputational impacts of online communication. Public Relations Review, 37, 28-36. Bell, L. M. (2010). Crisis communication: The praxis of response. The Review of Communication, 10(2), 142-155. Claeys, A., & Cauberghe, V. (2012). Crisis response and crisis timing strategies, two sides of the same coin. Public Relations Review, 38, 83-88. Coombs, W. T. (2008, April 2). Crisis communication and social media. Institute for Public Relations. Retrieved December 31, 2012, from http://www.instituteforpr.org/topics/crisis-communication-and-social-media/ Coombs, W.T. (2008). Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Corbin, J. & Strauss, A. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research‟, 3Ed, Sage Publications, Inc.HCD Research .(2009). Domino’s Brand Takes a Hit after YouTubeâ€Å"Prank† Video.http://tinyurl.com/d4e47h Peeples, A. & Vaughn, C. (2010). Domino’s â€Å"special† delivery: Going viral through social media (Parts A & B). Arthur W. Page Society case study competition in corporate communications. Retrieved December 31, 2012, from http://www.awpagesociety.com/insights/winning-case-studies/2010 Schiller, M. (2007, March 5). Crisis and the web: How to leverage the Internet when a brand takes a hit. Adweek, 48(10), 16.Weiss, T. (2009, April 22). Crisis management—Domino’s case study research. Trendsspotting Blog. Retrieved December 31, 2012, from http://www.trendsspotting.com/blog/?p=1061 Young, C. l., & Flowers, A. (2012). Fight viral with viral: A Case Study of Domino’s Pizza’s Crisis Communication Strategies. Case studies in strategic communication, 1, article 6. Source document

Drug Abuse in Inner Cities Essay

Inner-city areas have become the primary location for minorities, and the easiest place to find illegal drugs. Evidence shows that there is a link between the increase of illegal drug use, and the increase of minorities living in inner-city communities that are unemployed or collect welfare. Bruce D. Johnson states â€Å"Drug Abuse in the Inner City: Impact on Hard-Drug Users and the Community† and â€Å"Illicit drug use in the inner city expanded rapidly in the 1960s and has continued unabated into the 1990s† (9). Johnson also writes â€Å"During the period 1960-80, the number of persons living in communities primarily occupied by low-income (including welfare and unemployed) blacks and Hispanics approximately doubled† (10). The two previous quotes provide evidence that illegal drug use and minorities living in inner city communities have both increased over time. Minority drug abuse in the inner city results in the organization of drug distribution systems, whi ch can cause violence that negatively affect families. Drug abuse is a problem in inner cities, and has been for a long time. During World War II factory workers were necessary in order to meet the needs of the United States Army. Between the 1930s and 1940s, with the majority of those factories located in the North, a large group of Southern African Americans migrated to the Northern states in search for jobs. The low-wage factory jobs that African Americans and other minorities occupied forced them to reside in the ghettos. According to, â€Å"Drug Abuse in the Inner City: Impact on Hard-Drug Users and the Community† Johnson states that â€Å"Prior to 1940, about 20 percent of those arrested for narcotic law were black, a figure that increased to over 50 percent by the mid-1950s† (12). Johnson provides information that shows the migration of African Americans  sparked minority drug abuse within inner-city communities. In the 1950s, minorities use of illegal drugs began to increase, and have continued to into present day . The most dramatic increase in the use of drugs within minority communities occurred in the 1960s and the early 1970s. During that time period, many events took place that impacted drug abuse in the inner city’s minority communities. Johnson writes â€Å"Heroin use and addiction, particularly among minorities in the inner-city neighborhoods, exploded during the period 1965-73,† (14). This quote shows the highly addictive drug many minorities between the years 1965 to 1973 abused heroin. In the inner-city communities, those who used heroin most likely tried it for the first time between the ages of 15 and 21. Heroin is a highly addictive drug, and about half the users who try it are addicted within two years, (14). Johnson states that â€Å"The â€Å"heroin generation† of youths who became addicted in 1965-73 is evident in the black community in virtually every city with a population over 100,000† (14). This quote proves that it was common for minority commu nities to have a serious drug abuse problem, and that minorities were responsible for the popularity of heroin in the inner cities. Heroin was not the only drug abused as the popularity of drug use continued to increase. In 1975, cocaine became very popular in within minority communities throughout the city, and remained very popular until 1984. The amount of cocaine users began to decline due to the rise of another drug, crack. It is evident that if inner-city minority drug abuse continues to be neglected, no matter what illegal drug it is, it will gain popularity and users will abuse the illegal substance. Minorities are not only the majority of users; they are also the majority of distributors. In New York, African Americans and Puerto Ricans of the inner city communities often bought kilograms from the Italians, (18). Johnson writes â€Å"At the lower levels of the heroin distribution system, heroin user-dealers would generally be advanced several ‘bags’ of heroin to sell; they would use some and sell enough to pay their supplier in order to re-up† (18). This quote shows that the lower-lev el minority distributors would abuse the drugs advanced to them, by selling some and using the rest. Drugs in the inner city are in constant demand. Since drugs are in constant demand a complex system is needed to establish consistency in the process of  making the drugs, so they will always be available. The drug distribution system is broken down into five major roles; the five roles are low-level distributors, sellers, dealers, traffickers, and growers. (19) Historically minorities in the inner-city communities play huge roles in all 5 of these categories. Every level is expected to provide a certain level of production; if the level of production is not met then consequences occur. Not only was heroin a problem amongst the inner-city minorities, in the 1980s, crack emerged as another very popular drug on the streets. The Drug Enforcement Administration reported that four major minority groups all controlled crack trafficking: Jamaicans controlled the east coast and Midwestern states; Haitians controlled Florida and within two-hundred miles of Washington D.C.; Dominicans had control over New York and Massachusetts; and Black street gangs had control over most of the West Coast and western states. (22) Bruce D. Johnson states that â€Å"Newspaper reports and New York City police suggest that American blacks direct several local crack-selling groups in Brooklyn, Queens, and other boroughs†(22). Johnson suggests that African Americans, who also have distributors in Detroit, Washington D.C., Chicago, and Los Angeles, are the primary distributors of all the minority groups. Ethnic groups for all of the roles of distribution remain unclear, but based on evidence from many sources; minority groups control most of the distribution process. The abuse of drugs has had a huge impact on crime rate in America. Bruce states â€Å"In 1960, probably less than 5 percent of the total population, and probably less than a quarter of the criminal underclass, had ever used any type of illicit drug,† (40). This quote shows that when drug use was not popular, crime rate was lower. As the demand for drugs increases, and different distribution groups’ form, competition for â€Å"turfà ¢â‚¬  results in violence. Drug dealers are in constant competition with each other to see who can make the most money, throw the best parties, and who can be with the most beautiful women; drug dealers are relentless in proving themselves. Johnson writes, â€Å"Hard-drug sales have dramatically strengthened the subculture of violence. Old patterns of using violence and its threat to obtain money vie crime, and to defend masculinity, have been further transformed,† (27). This quote supports the idea drug dealers will do anything to accomplish their goals. Drug dealers regularly use violence to a prove point. With the rise of a variety of drugs in the inner-city, crime  rate also began to increase in America. Drug abusers lead to the organization of illegal drug distributors that commit violent crimes in order to satisfy their greed; they also take part in activities that negatively affect themselves and their loved ones. Drugs can affect relationships, mental and physical health, and sometimes lead to very serious crimes. In fact, peer-pressure has a huge effect on decision making within a group of friends. In the article â€Å"Interactive and Higher-Order Effects of Social Influences on Drug Use† Alan W. Stacy writes â€Å"Social influences may show not only linear or interactive effects on drug use, but in some instances may show an accelerated (concave upward) effect on behavior as social pressure to use drugs is increased†. (229) This quote states that an individual’s environment and the people around them can increase the possibility to use drugs; leading us to believe that minorities in the inner-cities, living in highly-populated communities, have a greater chance to be socially influenced to drug use. A study done showed that out of a hundred opiate abusers, forty-eight never married twenty-five married, one widowed, twelve divorced, and thirteen separated. (645) This study shows that abusing a drug affects marital status among drug abusers. Almost half of the opiate abusers never married, and a quarter of them married, but either separated or divorced. Marital status has a huge impact on African American children living in inner city. Johnson writes â€Å"The chance that a black child will experience poverty is almost 90 percent if he or she lives in a family headed by a single woman under the age of thirty† (10). This quote states that marital status has a huge impact on the life of African American children. Not only does drug abuse affect family situations in the inner-cities, it also affects inner-city residents’ health.Drug abuse is most common with minorities in inner-city communities, and poor-health is most common within these communities. Studies have been done to see if drug use relates to any specific disease. Johnson writes â€Å"the studies strongly suggest that heroin abusers constitute a substantial portion of all reported cases of the following conditions: hepatitis B, endocarditis, pneumonia, and trauma from assault†. (50) Johnson provides is evidence that those who abuse the drug heroin have a greater chance of being diagnosed with hepatitis B, endocarditis, pneumonia, and tr auma from assault. Not only can drug abuse lead to poor-health and diseases that can be life threatening, it also can  lead to drug related homicides. Johnson states that â€Å"In New York City, estimates of the proportion of homicides which were â€Å"drug related† have increased from about 24 percent in 1984 to about 56 percent in 1988†. (51) Johnson reveals that in just four years the increase in the use of drugs has also increased in the amount of drug related homicides. The â€Å"psychopharmacological† variety, homicides that occurred when an individual was heavily intoxicated by alcohol or heroin or while experiencing paranoia from a large dose of cocaine, was the most common of all homicides in New York City, which took place in twenty-five percent of homicides. (51) The abuse of illegal drugs can lead to fatal events; these fatal events have affected minority families in inner cities as hard, if not harder than any other group of people. Johnson writes â€Å"Between 1970 and 1985, the proportion of black children living in mother-only families increased from 30 to 51 percent†. Johnson strongly shows that a little more than half of black children have grown up without a father. Ever since illegal drug use became popular in the early 1900’s, minority inner-city drug abuse has continued to grow. Many things have an impact on who distributes and uses the drugs, along with where the drugs are popular; drugs are very abundant in inner cities, because of social and economic issues, minorities tend to be the distributers and users of the drugs. The majority of crime and violence in inner cities can be associated with drugs. Drug abuse along with the crime and violence that come with it has sabotaged many minority inner-city relationships with friends and families. Minorities who abuse drugs in the inner cities have created a very dangerous lifestyle for themselves and those around them. Works Cited Bruce D. Johnson Terry Williams, Kojo A. Dei and Harry Sanabria, â€Å"Drug Abuse in the Inner City: Impact on Hard-Drug Users and the Community†, Crime and justice13 (1990): 9-67. JSTOR. Web. 3 November 2014. Richard R. Clayton, â€Å"The Family and Federal Drug Abuse Policies. Programs: Toward Making the Invisible Family Visible†, Family Policy (Aug., 1979): 637-647. JSTOR. Web. 3 November 2014. Stacy, W. Alan. â€Å"Interactive and Higher-Order Effects of Social Influences on Drug Use.† Journal of Health and Social Behavior 33:3 (Sep. 1992). 226-241. American Sociological Association. Web 31 October 2014.

Australias Declining Birth Rate essays

Australia's Declining Birth Rate essays One great, recent and long-lasting concern for the nation of Australia is the precipitous decline in the Australian birth rate. The Australian birth rate is one of the lowest birth rates in the civilized world. Statistics have also shown that a growing number of Australian women are postponing childbirth later and later. This is not only true of teenage mothers but also young women in their twenties, whom are traditionally at their most fertile biological peak' as well as more economically and personally stable than teenagers. The most frequently cited reasons for the low Australian birth rate, an object of frequent debate in the nation, include the lack of available affordable childcare as well as the fact that more and more women are pursuing careers, eschewing motherhood until later in life, only then finding out that hey have problems with their fertility. Also, the proportion of the population aged 65, past childbearing age, has grown steadily in Australia since 1975. (Australian Health Trends, 2001) Since 1976, the Australian birth rate has been sinking below replacement levels for the nation. This recent fall since the 1970's is even greater than the fall that occurred with the introduction of the birth control pill to the nation in the 1960's. Unlike the single factor of the introduction of the birth control pill, the 1970's anti-teenage mother campaign waged by the government, cutbacks in the health system regarding prenatal and day care, and social trends that de-emphasized motherhood have all created a trend towards later childbirth and smaller families since 1976. The burgeoning wealth of the population, the lack of social status accorded to motherhood in general as well as early motherhood, and even the increased rate of travel amongst young Australians have all been blamed for this growing trend. Also, the higher rate of congenital abnormalities...

Word Choice Premier vs. Premiere - Proofeds Writing Tips

Word Choice Premier vs. Premiere - Proofeds Writing Tips Word Choice: Premier vs. Premiere â€Å"Premier† and â€Å"premiere† look very similar written down. They also sound similar when spoken. And to top it all off, they both have to do with being â€Å"first† in some sense. Is it any surprise, then, that people get these words mixed up? Probably not. Yet there is a difference between them, so make sure your written work is error free with our helpful guide. Premier (First in Status) â€Å"Premier† is usually an adjective meaning â€Å"first in status† or â€Å"best†: Usain Bolt was the premier sprinter of his generation. Here, we’re referring to Mr. Bolt’s status as a leading athlete on the track. With that name, he was either going to be a runner or a mechanic.(Photo: Grzegorz Jereczek/flickr) A secondary use is as a noun that refers to the leader of a government: We will remember him as the UK’s worst ever premier. Typically, â€Å"premier† is used for the prime minister of a country. However, in Australia and Canada, it is also used for heads of regional government bodies. Premiere (A Debut or First Performance) â€Å"Premiere† is primarily a noun that refers to the first public performance or appearance of something: We’re having a glitzy premiere with a red carpet for our new play. But the same word can also be used as a verb meaning â€Å"show for the first time.† For example, we could say: We’ll be premiering the movie at the Sundance Festival. There are worse places to premiere something.(Photo: Travis Wise/flickr) In both noun and verb cases, â€Å"premiere† usually applies to a performance or entertainment of some kind. But you can also â€Å"premiere† other things (e.g., when a company reveals a new product for the first time). Premier or Premiere? These words are similar in many ways. However, â€Å"premiere† is only ever used in relation to the first public appearance of something. In any other situation, the correct term will therefore be â€Å"premier.† Remember: Premier (adjective) = First in status or importance Premier (noun) = The leader of a government Premiere (noun) = The first performance or appearance of something Premiere (verb) = The act of showing something in public for the first time

Leading in a changing world Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leading in a changing world - Article Example A manager may adopt Laissez faire style of leading and guidance, in which the members enjoy equal privileges and decision making leverage (Bass, 2009, 145). These two terms are often used in a co relational manner, on others in a contrasting manner, and on others in a complementing manner. Management pertains to the organizing of the activities, personnel or other decisions pertinent to the scope of organization. Leadership on other hand may include these qualities but its referential context is relatively broader and it pertains to decision making, leading, guiding and administrating over the necessary functions. Managers may not be the sole decision makers, while leaders are. The role of guiding and motivation may be performed by the managers in an unannounced way, while the leaders do so in a completely declaratory manner (Tripathi, 2008, 302). Other styles that may be adopted by a manager are relatively strict and may qualify for authoritative style of leadership. There are number of considerations attached to such form of management style. The first and foremost is the potential of alienation creation between the manager and his subordinates. The second element is the potential build up of fear within the hearts of sub ordinates. The excessively authoritative style of leadership at times takes out te element of incentives from the subordinates mind and physical behavior. This enables providing the subordinates the sense of security and ownership within the organization and in turn enables achieving the desired results. It leads to working of the entire unit as a team that is directed along single line of strategy. The other advantages served in this style of management are the removal of any gulf that may arise as a result of gap between the top management and the file members of the organization. A manager may also

It is Practitioner Journal Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

It is Practitioner Journal Article - Essay Example Young children transform materials during play, observe and comment on the results. Pre-school teachers can make preschoolers have a strong desire to experiment and learn more about maths. They can offer developmentally suitable resources and opportunities to help preschoolers appreciate maths. The Common Core State Standards for Mathematics helps kindergarten kids describe shapes and space as well as represent, relate and operate whole numbers in a set of objects. Preschool teachers have many chances of helping children develop their understanding of shapes and space. According to Hannibal (1999), pre-school maths helps children make sense of the world around them. It further helps them to reason and solve problems. In preschool, shapes support teaching and learning if used effectively by the teachers. This article endeavors to shed light on how shapes can be used to teach preschool children mathematics. To enable the children learn teachers use various strategies. I read information about shapes to children and asked the child to read along with me. Reading about shapes to children helps the teachers to know how much the child knows about shapes (Sarama & Clements, 2009). Through reading about shapes to children, they can recognize and name shapes such as square, triangle, circle or a rectangle. The child knew the rectangle, the triangle, the square and the circle. However, the child seemed not to know the shape of a diamond and the oval. The child asked, â€Å"How does a diamond look like†? I responded â€Å"a diamond has six sides†. The child asked again, â€Å"are all the sides of a diamond equal?† I responded â€Å"you can choose to have them equal or unequal†. Then the child asked â€Å"Is oval the shape of an egg?† I replied â€Å"Excellent! It looks like an egg.† The child was able to characterize the shapes by their properties. Further, the child was very amused at the realization that shapes could be associated with things they interact with on

Globalization As a Source and an Antidote for Conflict Research Paper

Globalization As a Source and an Antidote for Conflict - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that no other phenomenon in the contemporary world has influenced the life of modern man as comprehensively as globalization, which has already left its imprint on the economic, cultural, and political spheres of human life. Significantly, the most distinguishing feature of globalization has been that it helped integrate the regional economies, societies, and cultures of the world into a global network of political ideas. In order to comprehend the real meaning of globalization, it is fundamental to realize the intricacies of international trade relations, economic institutions, the socio-cultural realms of international relations, the political ideologies and strategies affecting the economic relationship between the different nations, etc. The political activists and scholars dealing with the term ‘globalization’ explain it as an amalgam of the economic, political, cultural, ideological, and environmental practices in the dif ferent parts of the world. Manfred Steger describes globalization as a multifaceted system encompassing global, regional, and local aspects of social life. â€Å"The term globalization applies to a set of social processes that appear to transform our present social condition of weakening nationality into one of globality. At its core, then, globalization is about shifting forms of human contact†¦ Indeed †¦ the term globalization suggests a sort of dynamism bet captured by the notion of ‘development’†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . ...In other words, globalization is one of the most contested topics in the current social sciences, and there have been different types of theories of globalization, explaining the outcomes and advantages of this global phenomenon differently. In one of the noteworthy articles related to the topic, Mauro F Guillen examines the five key debates concerning globalization. According to him, â€Å"Observers and theorists of globalization have variously argued that the rapid increase in cross-border economic, social, technological and cultural exchange is civilizing, destructive, and feeble†¦ As in the civilizing view, the destructive interpretation regards globalization as leading to convergence, albeit predicting harmful rather than beneficial consequences.† (Guillen, 2010, p. 4). Therefore, it becomes obvious that the basic debate concerning globalization is whether it is civilizing, destructive, or feeble. There are also disagreements over the definition of globalization, when and where it started, etc. However, the key five debates concerning globalization, as Guillen points out, are whether: a) globalization is really happening, b) globalization produces convergence, c) globalization undermines the authority of the nation-state, d) globality is different from modernity, and e) global culture is in the making. (Guillen, 2010, p. 4). Whereas everyone agrees upon these types of debates happening across the globe on the topic of globalization, it should be remembered that these debates do not promise any easy answers to the heated topic. One of the most relevant studies on the debates concerning globalization has been the article â€Å"How to Judge Globalism† by Nobel prize-winner Amartya Sen, in which he argues that viewing

Business versus Environment Essay Example for Free

Business versus Environment Essay Businesses would always want to make more profit but this should be accomplished while also taking into account its social responsibilities. In the long run, there is an aggregate need for business entities to balance between profit and the adverse effects the business causes to the environment in its natural course of operations. Choosing not to consider the social and environmental costs associated with the business will result in less spending for operations but this in turn may affect the survivability of the business entity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many businessmen executives have realized that aggressive environmental programs result in profitability and competitiveness by reducing risks and avoiding additional costs from regulatory compliance programs. Environmental initiatives has its benefits for a business. It acts as morale and productivity boosters for the workers, enhanced brand image, streamline time-to-market and improved relations with regulators and the community. It is now understandable that an understanding of socio-economic, political and cultural processes and structures is necessary to understand environmental problems and in order to establish sustainable development.[1]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It cannot be denied that through the course of its operations, business does affect the environment in many ways such as pollution and introduction of new chemical compounds which may prove harmful to people or the environment, genetic engineering and others. How a business affects the environment may be deliberate or accidental but there are also some businesses that improve the quality of the environment.[2]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To cite, all countries are very much dependent on the oil industry and the industry is essential in any kind of economy. It produces huge amounts of profit for oil producing countries while non-oil producing countries have showed dependence on oil because of the need to run vehicles or to fuel industries. But with the production of oil also stems a need to provide funding to numerous environmental concerns that arise with it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An oil spill is just one of the risks associated with the oil industries. It is a grave threat to the marine ecosystem and also to the people living near the coastline who depend on the marine resources for their food and income. In an oil spill near the coast of Guimaras Islands in the Philippines, one of the oil tankers of Petron carrying millions of liters of oil sank to the bottom of the sea floor. The incident was the worst oil spill in the country which affected the 40,000 people living on the island who are mostly dependent on the sea. Guimaras Governor Joaquin Nava was frustrated over the absence of commitment from the government sector and Petron to solve the oil spill. Greenpeace on the other hand has much fear that the remaining 1.9 million liters of oil inside the sunken tanker will cause more damage when released into the sea. There was public demand that Petron immediately raise the sunken tanker to prevent more oil spillage or to pump out the remaining oil from its tanks. Relief operations were also needed to compensate for the people of Guimaras Islands because of the loss of livelihood. Greenpeace urged that the local government should hold the oil company liable and that it should be accountable for the long-term rehabilitation of the affected areas including the marine sanctuaries, mangrove areas, reefs and coral ecosystems.[3]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The situation urged Petron to perform its social responsibility for the disaster or it would face charges from environmentalist groups or other consequences such as banning their products or paying fines if proven guilty when the case is brought to the court of law. Taking responsibility for the environmental hazards will even give the company a better image that it cares not only for profit but   also gives importance to its social responsibilities. The business should see that environmental concerns could turn into an instant marketing opportunity.[4] Instead of having bad effects, this could make the people patronize their products and instead of adding more cost, it would add more benefit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Environmental degradation, although the more devastating effect, is not the only concern   brought about by oil spills. Fishermen are the ones that are greatly affected by such disasters because the fish are being killed. Oil spills also results in the ban of catching and selling fish and shellfish from the contaminated area to maintain market confidence and to protect fishing gear. Other industries that rely on seawater in their course of operations are mainly affected by oil spills. These may include hotel and restaurants that rely on tourist trade or water treatment plants.[5]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, Transneft, an oil transporting joint stock company initiated the Baltic Pipeline System project which would would help in securing the safety of the environment through this pipeline system and also add a new transport route for Russian oil which is greatly needed. The system aims to minimize the negative impact of oil on the environment. The project is believed to be one of the most excellent projects in the history of Russia. In an ecological assessment of the construction of the Baltic Pipeline System, it was found out that the project complies with the environmental norms.[6] This action proves that safety measures can be done to ensure environment safety while also taking into account the needs of the economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Companies do affect people the same way that people affect the companies. Almost all countries have been dependent on oil and oil exporting countries have been gaining a lot of income from this. People rely on oil to fuel vehicles, run heavy machinery and others. The escalating prices of oil have urged many countries to find other sources of energy such as biofuels. This somehow reduced the dependence of mankind on oil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A reduced dependency on foreign oil leads to economic problems for the oil producing countries. Low oil prices are good for oil consumers because it means less spending for petroleum products but this has adverse effects on oil producers such as the countries in the Middle East which is reflected in the performance of the economy.[7]  Ã‚   On the other hand, effects of rising oil prices can be seen when the US experienced oil shortages in 1973 and 1979. During these instances, the US reacted harshly and its citizens even get into fights at gasoline stations until an effort to conserve oil was established by the president.[8]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oil companies are expected by the the people to take responsibility for any environmental hazards caused by the company. One example is Shell Oil which has initiated and participated in many environment and social campaigns. However, the company still faces a lot of accusations that it still contributing greatly in the destruction of the environment and its refineries, depots and pipelines threaten human civilization.[9]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A report states that Shell has been overstating its social and environmental performance and despite of adhering to its public commitment which is sustainable development, Shell has been putting the environment in much more trouble.[10] The report shows scenarios from different countries wherein Shell allegedly does not address social and environmental problems caused by faulty pipelines and others instead of going by its adherence to environment safety and sustainable development.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Canada, Natural Resources Minister Gary Lunn explains that there should be a balance between the environment and economic growth. He also said that the two are intertwined. He agreed that the solution to address the needs of the environment is balancing the its needs with the needs of the industry. He also emphasized the production of clean energy technology such as tidal energy. Other environment-friendly projects that Canada would pursue are development of clean coal, improvement of biofuel technology and technology that would reduce green house gases emissions and pollution.[11]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Logging is another industry that greatly affects the environment. It is very harmful to the environment especially illegal logging. The loss of many trees result in many adverse effects such as the loss of habitat for many special of mammals, birds and other animals. It also contributes to global warming and other natural disaster such as flash floods and land slides.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Philippines, illegal logging was a major factor in the loss of lives due to flash floods and even land slides during the rainy season particularly in the provinces of Quezon, Nueva Ecija and Aurora. Government hydrologist Richard Orendain said that it may be hard to determine whether floods may be attributed to illegal logging or just because of heavy rainfall although it is safe to assume that illegal logging has in   a way contributed to the natural disasters while Vice President Noli de Castro directly blamed illegal for floods and other past cases of flash floods and land slides.[12]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Indonesia, many people rely on the forests for their source of livelihood. According to Edward Pollard from the Galung Palung National Park, illegal logging is the major industry in the region. It is the main source of income for many citizens. However, despite economic gains from timber companies, the entire community does not receive much benefit with the diminishing resource. Illegal loggers constitute to a large decrease in forest resources and no taxes are being paid to fund development projects for the citizens. People who work as loggers usually come from poor families and logging is not a permanent and a stable source of income and with the rate of the depletion of the forest resources, people will have to find other sources of income in the future.[13]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indonesia has been plagued by illegal logging particularly caused by poverty and corruption. The exploitation of the natural resources was a vital factor in the economic development of the region but the government does not reap all the gains because of illegal loggers that contribute greatly to the depletion of natural resources but do not pay the necessary taxes which could have been used to fund various environmental problems.[14]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Loggers should be responsible enough to aid environment because this is where they get their income. The rapid loss of forest resources which contributes greatly to global warming and loss of biodiversity would also affect the loggers. Instead of clear logging in which all the trees are being cut down in an area, loggers can resort to selective logging   which is much less harmful and would give the forest time to recuperate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the end, there is a strong need for businesses to balance between their income and social and environmental responsibilities. It may not seem beneficial and actually results in more spending for the company. However, taking to account the social and environmental responsibilities of the business would prove beneficial in the long course of business operations. Just like in the logging business, taking aggregate measures to avoid total destruction of forest resources will ascertain that the business will not run out of available resources. Likewise, oil production, which is associated with many adverse effects to the environment, may still choose to have an environment-friendly image which could boost its marketing drive. These additional costs should not be considered as expenses but rather as investments. Bibliography Al Marashi, Habiba, Business vs. Environment, March 19, 2002, Retrieved   23 March 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.dqg.org/qcentral/dqg_events/seminars/mar02/business.asp Petron oil spill affected 40,000 people says Governor, InfoShop News, 2006 Retrieved 23 March 2008,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://www.infoshop.org/inews/article.php?story=2006082101433380 Economic Impacts, The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited, 2007, Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   March 23, 2006, from http://www.itopf.com/marine%2Dspills/effects/economic%2Dimpacts/ Baltic Pipeline System, Transneft, 2002, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.transneft.ru/Ecolog/Default.asp?LANG=ENID=219 Koepp, Stephen, Oil Prices, April 1986, Time Magazine,   Retrieved 23 March 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961087-1,00.html Refinery Reform/Global Community Monitor/Friends of the Earth, Behind the shine the real impacts of Shells work around the world, June 23, 2004, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.refineryreform.org/PR_062304.html Behind the shine: The other Shell Report 2003, 2003, p.2, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.refineryreform.org/downloads/shellreport_behindtheshine.pdf Barlow, John, Tories want balance in environment and economy, June 30, 2007. Vol. 32 No. 44,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http://www.westernwheel.com/070606/news-tories%20want   Ã‚  Ã‚   %20balance.htm Terra Daily, Illegal logging a major factor in flood devastation of Philippines, December 1, 2004,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http://www.terradaily.com/2004/041201072557.jj82upor.html The Timber Mafia, Consequences of Illegal Logging: Environmental Implications,2002, Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   24 March 2008, from http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2002/timber_mafia/resources/ [1]  Ã‚   Al Marashi, Habiba, Business vs. Environment, March 19, 2002, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http://www.dqg.org/qcentral/dqg_events/seminars/mar02/business.asp [2]  Ã‚   Al Marashi [3]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Petron oil spill affected 40,000 people says Governor, InfoShop News, 2006, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http://www.infoshop.org/inews/article.php?story=2006082101433380 [4]  Ã‚   Al Marashi [5]  Ã‚   Economic Impacts, The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited, 2007, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http://www.itopf.com/marine%2Dspills/effects/economic%2Dimpacts/ [6]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Baltic Pipeline System, Transneft, 2002, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.transneft.ru/Ecolog/Default.asp?LANG=ENID=219 [7]  Ã‚   Koepp, Stephen, Oil Prices, April 1986, Time Magazine,   Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961087-1,00.html [8]  Ã‚   Koepp [9]  Ã‚   Refinery Reform/Global Community Monitor/Friends of the Earth, Behind the shine the real impacts of Shells work around the world, June 23, 2004, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http://www.refineryreform.org/PR_062304.html [10] Behind the shine: The other Shell Report 2003, 2003, p.2, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http://www.refineryreform.org/downloads/shellreport_behindtheshine.pdf [11] Barlow, John, Tories want balance in environment and economy, June 30, 2007. Vol. 32 No. 44, Retrieved 23 March 2008 from http://www.westernwheel.com/070606/news-tories%20want%20balance.htm [12] Terra Daily, Illegal logging a major factor in flood devastation of Philippines, December 1, 2004, Retrieved 23 March 2008 from http://www.terradaily.com/2004/041201072557.jj82upor.html [13] The Timber Mafia, Consequences of Illegal Logging: Environmental Implications,2002, Retrieved 24 March 2008, from http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2002/timber_mafia/resources/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   resources_consequences1.htm [14] The Timber Mafia